Christmas What Sociology Can Teach Us About the Holiday

Christmas is a beloved holiday, and for good reason. Its a time of parties, delicious seasonal beverages, feasting, gifts, and for many, a time of homecoming, but beneath the surface of festivity, theres quite a bit going on, sociologically speaking. What is it that makes Christmas such a good time for so many, and a let down for others? The Social Value  of Rituals Classical sociologist Émile Durkheim can help shed light on these questions. Durkheim, as a functionalist, developed a still widely used theory for explaining what holds society and social groups together through his study of religion. Durkheim identified core aspects of religious structure and participation that sociologists today apply to society in general, including the role of rituals in bringing people together around shared practices and values; the way participation in rituals reaffirms shared values, and thus reaffirms and strengthens the social bonds between people (he called this solidarity); and the experience of collective effervescence, in which we share in feelings of excitement and are unified in the experience of participating in rituals together. As a result of these things, we feel connected to others, a sense of belonging, and the social order as it exists makes sense to us. We feel stable, comfortable, and secure. Secular Rituals of Christmas Christmas, of course, is a Christian holiday, celebrated by many as a religious holiday with religious rituals, values, and relationships. This schema for understanding what holds society together also applies to Christmas as a secular holiday. Lets start by taking stock of the rituals involved in either form of celebration: decorating, often together with loved ones; using seasonal and holiday-themed items; cooking meals and baking sweets; throwing and attending parties; exchanging gifts; wrapping and opening those gifts; bringing children to visit Santa Claus; watching for Santa on Christmas eve; leaving milk and cookies for him; singing Christmas carols; hanging stockings; watching Christmas movies and listening to Christmas music; performing in Christmas pageants; and attending church services. Why do they matter? Why do we look forward to them with such fervor and anticipation? Because  what they do is bring us together with the people we hold dear and give us an opportunity to reaffirm our  shared values. When we participate in rituals together, we call to the surface of interactions the values that underlie them. In this case, we can identify the values that underlie these rituals as the importance of family and friendship, togetherness,  kindness, and generosity. These are the values that undergird the most beloved Christmas movies and songs, too. By coming together around these values through participation in Christmas rituals, we reaffirm and strengthen our social ties with those involved. The Magic of Christmas This is the magic of Christmas: it performs a deeply important social function for us. It makes us feel like we are part of a collective, whether that be with kin or chosen family. And, as social beings, this is one of our fundamental human needs. Doing this is what makes it such a special time of year, and why, for some, if we dont achieve this at Christmastime, it can be a real downer. Its easy to get wrapped up in the hunt for gifts, the desire for new goods, and the promise of letting loose and partying during this time of year. So, its important to remember that Christmas will be most enjoyable when it is designed to foster togetherness and the sharing and reaffirming of the positive values that bind us together. The material stuff is really quite incidental to these important social needs.

Bipolar and Unipolar Disorder Essay - 1484 Words

People go through different moods all the time; however, when the moods become cycling or a person encounters depression that changes how he or she interacts with his or her daily activities, this person maybe dealing with bipolar or unipolar disorder. Even though these two disorders are similar, there are marked differences, different causes, and different treatment. Bipolar and Unipolar Disorder Bipolar and unipolar are two different disorders that affect millions of people; however, there are differences in between the two mood disorders. Bipolar is differentiated by two distinguishing phases of mania and depression, and the rapid cycling of these two phases is a key element of bipolar. (Jackson, 2010). Unipolar is a major†¦show more content†¦According to Comer (2003), â€Å"The symptoms, which often feed upon one another, span five areas of functioning, emotional, motivational, behavioral, cognitive, and physical.† (Chapter 7, p. 195). People who suffer from these symptoms begin to have problems with just possessing the will power to arise out of bed each morning and go about their daily activities, and sometimes these symptoms can become so severe that a person may even begin to think of committing suicide. According to Comer (2003), â€Å"Between 5 and 10 percent of adults in the United States suffer from a severe unipolar pattern of depression in any g iven year, while another 3 to 5 percent suffer from mild forms† (Chapter 7, p. 194). However, unipolar disorder can be caused by different factors, one of them being a genetic factor. Factors of Unipolar Studies have shown that unipolar disorder can have a genetic basis. According to (Dombeck, 2010), â€Å"Among the general population, Major Depressive Disorder is 1.5 to 3 times more common among first-degree biological relatives of affected individuals than it is among other less related individuals.† (Genetics, para. 2). This is not saying that a person has â€Å"depression genes,† but that a person from a family with a parent or sibling that has unipolar disorder, has a higher tendency to have unipolar disorder. However, there also can be biochemical factors that can cause a person to have unipolar disorder, and outside factors, like stress, bring out thisShow MoreRelatedCauses, Symptoms, and Treatments of Unipolar and Bipolar Disorder936 Words   |  4 PagesCauses and 2 Unipolar and bipolar disorders are fairly common and they can have devastating effects to an individual. There has been much study and documentation on these disorders. This paper will review the causes of both unipolar and bipolar disorders. The symptoms of both of these disorders will be highlighted and discussed. Treatment options will be reviewed that are available to individuals who find that they are suffering from these disorders. Unipolar disorder is characterized by an individualRead MoreMajor Depressive Disorder ( Unipolar Depression ) And Bipolar Depression2296 Words   |  10 Pagesdiagnosis of both Major Depressive Disorder (Unipolar depression) and Bipolar Depression can be made on the basis of characteristics of a Major Depressive Episode (MDE). That is, can an MDE in patients with Major Depressive Disorder be differentiated from a MDE in patients with Bipolar Disorder? Firstly, the extremes in mood, Major Depressive Episode and mania/hypomania will be defined and it will be explained how they contribute to a diagnosis of MDD or Bipolar Disorder based on the diagnostic criteriaRead More The Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder Versus Unipolar Depression2471 Words   |  10 PagesDiagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder Versus Unipolar Depression Bipolar disorder is a serious mental disorder, but unfortunately our collective knowledge of this mental illness is not extensive. Unlike depression, where patients are strictly sullen and deeply blue, the bipolar patient experiences that same depression only flanked by extreme highs—a hyperactivity and increase in serotonin. It is this inconsistency in mood—a clinical mood swinging, that makes bipolar disorder so difficult to diagnoseRead MoreAbnormal Psychology-Unipolar and Bipolar Depression Essay1046 Words   |  5 PagesAbnormal Psychology | Unipolar and Bipolar Depression | Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Shawn M Best 10/16/2011 | Identifying the causes of unipolar and bipolar depression can be a complicated task because there are no known exact causes, just theories. These theories include chemical and hormonal imbalances within the brain, a misfiring of ion activity, and inherited genetics or biological abnormalities (Comer, 2005). Individuals who suffer with unipolar depression, which isRead MoreThe Anxiety Of Depression And Depression1457 Words   |  6 Pagesto be mood disorders such as depression or mania (Comer, 2011, p. 193). Depression is a sad, low state where life seems dark and overwhelming (Comer, 2011, p. 193). Mania is a state of frenzied energy or breathless euphoria where a person may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking (Comer, 2011, p. 193). Mania and depression are the two key emotions in mood disorders and most people who have one usually only suffer from depression, which is called unipolar depression (ComerRead MoreDepression Paper1107 Words   |  5 Pagesdepression is a mental illness that that can prohibit normal daily functioning. In this assignment I will examine two forms of clinical depression, unipolar, and bipolar depression. Depression can be so debilitating that it can cause a person to become suicidal. This depression is termed Unipolar. 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This research papers primary goal is educate on the cultural difference or similarities in how bipolar disorder manifests itself. The secondary goal of this paper is to establish a generalized understanding of bipolar disorder as to supplement the primary goal. This will all be done in a systematic manner to ensure that every major topic is examined to the full extent and all the topics of interests are coveredRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Disorders1249 Words   |  5 PagesBipolar Disorder, also known as manic/depressive disorder once was a disorder that carried a severe societal stigmatism. It now has carries less stigmatism but is a disorder which has become difficult to diagnosis and extremely prevalent in today’s society. Due to the manic characteristic of the disorder it differentiates itself from the typical form of depression. Even though both depression and bipolar disorder can be du e to an imbalance in brain chemistry and biology, genetics, or effected byRead MoreDifferences Between Disorders1129 Words   |  5 Pages1. Distinguish between bipolar disorder, unipolar depression, dysthymic disorder, and cyclothymic disorder using DSM-5 criteria. (485) Before answering the question let’s see what each term means. Bipolar disorder is a disorder that is marked by alternating or intermixed periods of mania and depression (Comer, 2013, pp.224). Unipolar depression is depression without history of mania (Comer, 2013, pp.224). Dysthymic disorder are mood disorder that are similar to but not as long lasting and less disabling

The Harm and Causes of Noise Pollution Free Essays

string(101) " have taken noise pollution as a serious matter and taken action to try and control noise pollution\." As a Kansas local, I am lucky to live in the country, where exposure to noise is usually under my own control. On a normal day, the average decibel rating on my front porch is 37 decibels. Even on a day when farm equipment can be heard off in the distance, the top decibel reading I have taken at my home is 47 decibels. We will write a custom essay sample on The Harm and Causes of Noise Pollution or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is not the case in Lawrence, Kansas. Lawrence is affected by noise pollution, just like all cities. The main sources of noise pollution are cars and trucks, construction sites, entertainment spots, and other industrial noise. These sources of noise effect different people in different ways. They also effect animals, that live in Lawrence, and other cities. This is due to how close we are to the noise, and how long we are exposed. Due to this, Lawrence has created noise ordinances in order to help lessen the issue. Living in a family with several hearing professionals, I learned at an early age about hearing protection, and how sound is measured. The term decibel (dB) is used to a measure and explain the intensity of a sound. It is measured on a logarithmic scale starting at 0 dB. Zero decibels is nearly complete silence. The way sound is measured is sometimes difficult to understand because a sound 10 times more powerful than silence is rated at 10 dB; and a sound 100 times more powerful than silence is rated at 20 dB. This continues as a sound 1000 times more powerful is rated at 30 decibels and the follows the same pattern. I find the best way to explain it is using real world examples. I took the following decibel readings as examples: 20 dB – Wind through the trees 33 dB – Water moving is a stream 52 dB – A truck passing on a gravel road 57 dB – People talking indoors 69 dB – A running shower 92 dB – Lawn tractor 114 db – Full size farm tractor 126 dB – Kansas Men’s Basketball Game at Allen Field House 157 dB – 20 gauge shotgun The biggest problem with noise pollution is that it is part of almost everything we do, and it can’t be eliminated entirely. Industrial machines, construction equipment, items used for music and entertainment, and even children’s toys are part the overall level of noise pollution. Noise can be lessened in most instances, or can be isolated to places where the distractions and impact are minimal. This is why most areas have zoning laws that make industrial plants locate outside of areas where populations typically live. The National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, a website sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health ; Human Services, lists 70 decibels as the noise level where sound becomes damaging to humans and other living things. The immediate volume of noise does not always matter, as damage can also happen from prolonged, or accrued, exposure. Karl Kryter, a noted author on the subject of noise induced hearing loss, reports that â€Å"exposure exceeding eight hours of noise exceeding eighty-five decibels is hazardous and can result in the loss of hearing†. At my home outside the city in more rural Douglas County, I am approximately 11 miles from the KU campus. The sounds I hear when I am at home are completely different from those I hear when I go to school, or when I visit Lawrence. Our family home is a ranch style so it is all on one level. To get to the front door you have to step up onto a very large covered deck, and at one end, past the front door, is a white porch swing. I sit in that porch swing to relax and study any day when the weather permits. I close my eyes as I rock back and forth, and I listen to the wind moving through the trees that line our driveway. I can hear the chickens in our chicken coop right around the corner from where I sit. They coo and talk to each other, sometimes flapping their wings to get up on top of the coop. I also hear Sophie and Sally, our two Nigerian Pygmy goats playing. They love to climb on the wooden structure my dad built for them, and I can hear their hooves hitting the wooden deck as they jump on and off chasing each other. Their bleating as they communicate with each other truly makes me smile. I cannot imagine not being able to hear the sounds than I love. When I go into Lawrence, I am faced with completely different sounds than at home. As an example, downtown Lawrence averages a decibel reading of about 70 decibels during an average workday. I measured a low of 42 dB and a high of 91 dB when delivery trucks were nearby. These are generally lower than what would be expected for an â€Å"urban environment† as Lawrence is not a large city. Noise can have several negative effects on human beings, and other animals. Of all the possible impacts, permanent hearing loss is the biggest. This could be partial or even total hearing loss. In her 2017 article â€Å"Healthy Hearing,† Brandy Plotnick reported, â€Å"an estimated sixteen million workers in the US factories miss work every year due to complications resulting from noise pollution, and estimates place the impact at a four billion dollar loss to the U.S. economy†. Interestingly enough, noise receives the least attention of environmental pollutants. Noise pollution is invisible, and this fact contributes to the lack of understanding to the dangers. Noise pollution negatively impacts the quality of life for people living in urban environments at a higher degree, due to their proximity to industries, transportation, airplanes overhead, and the larger number of entertainment venues. Worldwide, these large population centers usually have a large number of people living in close proximity to each other. Several countries, however, have taken noise pollution as a serious matter and taken action to try and control noise pollution. You read "The Harm and Causes of Noise Pollution" in category "Papers" The United States Government, for example, created the Occupational Safety ; Health Administration (OSHA) to protect workers from job related safety issues, including those that can cause noise induced hearing loss due to exposure. The European Union requires noise maps for cities in order to control the exposure of the population to excessive noise. The Netherlands does not allow construction of houses for human inhabitation in areas where the average noise in every twenty-four hours goes above 50 decibels. The Noise Act of Great Britain empowers law enforcement and local authorities to confiscate all noisy equipment and charge fines to people making too much noise at night. The Noise Act of the Great Britain also requires developers to install porous asphalt technology with the capacity to lower traffic noise by up to five decibels (Stansfield et al). One of the largest negative impact of noise pollution is noise induced hearing loss (NIDL). In order to understand how noise induced hearing loss happens, we first need to understand how we hear. The shape of our outer ear funnels sound into the ear canal and towards the eardrum. The eardrum (tympanic membrane) vibrates due to the sound and sends vibrations to the three tiny bones in the middle ear. These three bones are called the hammer (malleus), the anvil (incus) and the stirrup (stapes); and theyamplify the vibrations and send them to the inner ear (cochlea). Inside the cochlea are tiny hair-like cells. These cells react to the vibrations by releasing neurochemical messengers that turn the sound waves into electrical signals. The auditory nerve then carries the electrical signals to the brain, where they are translated into sound. When we are exposed to single loud noises, or when we are exposed to noise levels of 70 dB or above for an extended period of time, the hair-like cells inside our inner ear are damaged. Over time, they can die, and our body does not have the ability to regenerate these cells. This noise induced hearing loss can cause loss of hearing in certain frequency ranges, or our ability to hear altogether. (Kryter) Noise pollution has also been proven to cause negative psychological effects on humans and other animals. Among these is anxiety and nervous tension, loss of appetite, headaches, and issues with the pituitary gland. Increased exposure to noise pollution also can affect muscles and other internal organs by increasing inflammation of the nerve cells. The negative effects noise exposure can have on individuals has caused increased interest in noise pollution and ideas meant to protect the populations from excessive noise pollution (Atamca et al.). The City of Lawrence, Kansas has made several attempts to lessen the effects of noise pollution on the local residents. Among these measures is the Lawrence noise ordinance, â€Å"Loud and Unnecessary Noise Prohibition of the Nuisance Act.† According to the noise ordinance, â€Å"it is unlawful for any person to make, allow or continue to make any unnecessary, excessive, loud and unusual noise which endangers the comfort of others, creates a nuisance, injuries, repose or affects the safety of other people. Noise interfering with the enjoyment of property of any person of reasonable sensibilities residing in or occupying the area is prohibited, unless the making or continuation in the making of such noise is necessary for the protection and preservation of the said property or the health and safety of an individual†. The act specifically declares certain activities as nuisance noise, and a violation of this section, making them unlawful. These items are, â€Å"the playing of any radio device, musical instrument sound amplifier and a similar device that amplifies sound in such a manner or intensity to annoy, cause distress, disturb the quiet, repose and comfort of a person of reasonable sensibilities within the vicinity or hearing range of the said noise. Steam whistles, the blowing of steam whistles attached to any stationary boiler except when being used to give notice of the opening and closing of an institution or establishment, or indicating initiation and end of work or give warning† (Noise Ordinance). Although the ordinance was most recently published in 2017, it is clear from the items included that it has not been updated for many years. Brian Jimenez, Code Enforcement Manager for the City of Lawrence Kansas stated to me â€Å"the regulations have not kept up with population changes or advancements in technology†. Instead of references to decibel readings, the ordinance classifies any noise from a stationary source as either loud, unnecessary or unusual as unlawful â€Å"as prohibited by the ordinance†. In doing some research for this speech, I took average decibel readings in several locations in Lawrence. These readings were taken Downtown (9th and New Hampshire), South (31st ; Iowa), Northwest (6th and Wakarusa) and on campus outside of Allen Fieldhouse. Each location was measured over a 3-hour period using an electronic dosimeter loaned to me by my father. The dosimeter measured levels constantly and provided data: Downtown South Northwest Campus High dB Rdg. 102 91 87 92 Low dB Rdg 67 58 55 51 Avg dB for 3 hrs 83 79 72 71 Observations Construction and traffic Siren, traffic Traffic noise Police sirens. Overall lowest Due primarily to traffic and construction noise, each of the four locations demonstrated an average decibel rating over 70 decibels. While it takes a higher level to cause immediate damage, constant exposure at these levels can become an issue. The high readings in each location were enough to cause damage, and the construction noise in downtown Lawrence is reaching dangerous levels at the peak measurements. While the City of Lawrence has made positive strives, in working to control noise pollution, there is still a lot that could be done. A big one is controlling of noise from construction activities. Construction, not like industrial activities, is not confined to specific locations. Construction takes places in commercial, industrial and even residential areas depending on the job. Construction can also involves the use of large machinery, resulting in noise pollution whose intensity changes based on the type of machinery used and the activity. Workers inside construction sites are usually protected using OSHA mandated personal hearing protection like earplugs or ear muffs, however, people living near the construction site are exposed to the high noise levels. While taking readings on the sidewalk across the street from a construction site in downtown Lawrence recently, over a 30- minute period, decibel levels reached a high of 91 decibels with an average of 83 decibels. This tells me that the city could protect its residents better by creating an ordinance regulating noise from construction sites. Contractors could be required to take decibel measurements and lessen the noise that comes from machinery they use. Sound dampening technology is available today and there are cities where the requirements already exist. Another area where the City of Lawrence can intervene is by regulating the level of noise coming from entertainment businesses. Over the last few years, Lawrence has allowed the building of quite a few downtown apartment buildings. Many are on New Hampshire Street where there are quite a few bars and restaurants featuring live music. These businesses add to the character and personality of Lawrence, but noise coming from them puts the hearing health of the people living in the neighborhood at risk. As an example, on a recent Friday evening I took decibel readings outside of the â€Å"Bottleneck,† a local bar with live music. Normal readings with the doors closed were just under 65 decibels, but the decibel levels jumped to over 100 decibels (averaged 102 dB) every time the doors opened. This is an unknown danger for the people living or even just walking nearby. Even across the street, the decibel level was higher than 85 decibels at times. The most important thing we can do to reduce the damage of noise pollution is to educate the population. While most of us understand that very loud noises can harm us, the majority don’t realize that lower noises over a period of time can actually be more harmful. There are several apps available for both Apple and Android phones, which measure decibel levels and provide the information for our own personal protection. I would encourage each of you to download one and look at the sounds you are exposed to in your own life. By measuring your own personal exposure, and understanding when hearing protection is beneficial, we can all reduce the chance of noise induced hearing loss. Works Cited Atmaca, E, et al. â€Å"Industrial Noise and Its Effects on Humans.†Ã‚  Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 14.6, 2005. Jimenez, Brian. Personal Interview. November 17, 2017 â€Å"Kansas Noise Ordinance 2017.†Ã‚  City of Lawrence, KS, City of Lawrence, KS, 2017, lawrenceks.org/police/noise-problems/. Kryter, Karl D.  The Effects of Noise on Man. Elsevier, 2013. â€Å"Noise Induced Hearing Loss.†Ã‚  National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), U.S. Department of Health Human Services, 2017, www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/noise-induced-hearing-loss. â€Å"Noise Induced Hearing Loss.†Ã‚  National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), U.S. Department of Health Human Services, 2017, Web www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/noise-induced-hearing-loss. Plotnick, Brande. â€Å"Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL).†Ã‚  Healthy Hearing, Healthy Hearing, 11 May 2017, www.healthyhearing.com/help/hearing-loss/noise. Stansfield, Stephen A, and Mark P Matheson. â€Å"Noise Pollution: Non-Auditory Effects on Health.†Ã‚  British Medical Bulletin, vol. 68.0, 2003, pp. 243–257. How to cite The Harm and Causes of Noise Pollution, Papers

Compare and Contrast of Aristocrat Leisure and Fortescue Metals

Question: Discuss about the Compare and Contrast of Aristocrat Leisure Limited and Fortescue Metals Group. Answer: Introduction: The purpose of this report is to compare and contrast Aristocrat Leisure Limited, an Australian with Fortescue Metals Group, an Australian iron ore company Aristocrat Liesure Limited is the biggest gambling machine maker in Australia, and it is also ranked as largest maker ofslot machinesin the planet, second just toInternational Game Technology. The company was founded in 1953 with the production of its first machine. The company was founded by Mr Len Aisworth. The company is licensed to sell gambling products and slot machines in over 200 jurisdictions in Australia. The company has 2,080 people as employees. The maximum revenue attained in a year was back in 2004 which was in excess of $1.1 billion Australian dollars. Fortescue Metals Group was founded back in 2003 after discovery of major iron ore deposits and has now developed and constructed some of the most important iron ore mines in the world. The company operation spans a total of four mines in Pilbara. They also own and operate an integrated supply chain that includes the five berths Herb Elliott Port in Port Hedland and the fastest, heavy haul railway in the world. Discussion: Vision statement Comparison Vision statement Of Aristocrat Leisure Limited is to create the best gambling and gaming experience each and every day. As the company deals with gambling games and slot machines the vision is appropriate to its needs (Kenny 2014). The statement states that the company wishes to provide the best products with superior quality that will enable the player to have a very pleasant and exciting experience which will make him play the game every day. It holds true as aristocrat has the most modern technologies in its arsenal to make the experience more interactive and engaging for the players. In contrast to the vision statement of Fortescue aims to be the safest, most profitable and lowest cost iron ore producer (Carton Murphy and Clark 2014). So in aspect of SMART test the vison is Specific as it is in context to the gambling and gaming industry, the vision is also Measurable as the industry the company deals with small and deals with the end customer, yes the vision is Achievable as aristocrat is one of the largest company manufacturing gambling games and the market is very small, it can also be stated that the vision is Realistic as gamers prefer specific games and it is possible for Aristocrat to penetrate into the preference list with good exciting games and lastly it can be stated that the vision is Timely for such an industry where product design and usability is in control of the producer(Olaisen 2016). Vision Statement of Fortescue Metals Group is to be the safest, low cost and most profitable producer of iron ore. The statement provides the context that the company is aiming to become the industry leader not just through production quantity but also through its process of production that is safest in the industry and the technology that the company uses will make the production cost lower thus helping FMG to provide cheaper ore to its customers (Ji et al 2015). The aim is to also become a profitable producer which can be done through increase in production as more production amounts to less cost and more end profit (Korschun 2014). In context of the SMART test it can be note that the vision of Fortescue is Specific in terms of the way the company wants to proceed in the industry. The vision here is somewhat less Measurable as the iron ore industry is very vast with multiple aspects which are not always measurable. Yes the vision is Achievable to some extent even though there may be many obstacles be it legal, environmental and so on (Mai Perry and Loh 2014). The statement is Realistic due to the fact that the company is the fourth largest producer of iron ore and has in depth knowledge of the industry. The statement may not be as timely as the product production is not in the companies hands cause iron ore is formed naturally. Values of the organizations Organization values of Aristocrat believe in Respect, Courage, Integrity and Passion. This provides the company to support the business, the people involved and the customer community. Respect is stated in terms of respect for the people involved that helps the company to conduct business be it t he employees or the customers (Francis Livingstone and Rintoul 2017) . Courage valued as it the driving force to take risks that helps in innovation on all fronts. Integrity is the backbone value as it assures that the products are consistent and there are no discrepancies between the promised product and the delivered. Passion is a value that helps the company to produce quality products (Hudson Bryson and Michelotti2017). Organization values of Fortescue are integrity, determination, empowerment, Frugality, Safety, family, Idea Generation these values help the company to succeed in this aims. Integrity helps in providing consistent and proper production without any hidden agenda (Ng Walls and Wingard 2016). Determination is key factor to achieve company goals as it is a driving force to attain proper results. Empowerment enables the employees to take decision in the company that help in optimum productivity. Frugality helps in achieving economic goals of the company thus results in less wastage of resources. Safety is is something very important in the mining industry as employees risk their lives to mine ore from mines and safety values boost morale in a sense thet all safety measure are in order. Family this value relates to the fact that all the employees in the company are family and everyone is valuable in each of their way and the company will take care of their needs. Idea generation helps the company to implement new techniques and technologies to improve their production capabilities and over all work process (Vveinhardt Gulbovaite. and Streimikiene 2016.). All the statements are believable and realistic to the point and they add genuine value to the company and its vision. Corporate social responsibility/Sustainability: The corporate social responsibilities of Aristocrat Leisure Limited and Fortescue Metals Group occupy a very important position in their respective company policies. A comparison between the corporate social responsibilities of the two companies must take into account the fact that they belong to different industries(Chan, Watson and Woodliff 2014). Aristocrat Leisure Limited is an internet gaming and gambling company with its headquarters in Sydney, Australia. Fortescue Metal Group is a mining company with its registered office in East Perth, Australia. Comparisons between the two companies on the grounds of their CSR are as follows: Different industries: Aristocrat Leisure Limited is a gaming and gambling company and causes minimum pollution. Its corporate social responsibility stresses more on ethical usage of internet while gambling and gaming(Mason and Simmons 2014). Fortescue Metals Group is an iron articles manufacturing and marketing company which is a part of the mineral and mining sector which causes a lot of pollution. It is due to this difference in industries that its CSR is vast and encompasses several items like climate change, slavery, corruption and employee health and safety. Thus the comparison shows that compared to Aristocrat Leisure Limited, Fortescues CSR is vast due to the difference in their industries and operation(Jizi et al. 2014). Components: The components of the corporate responsibility of Aristocrat Leisure Limited are research in collaboration with computer laboratories to make more innovative and affordable games. The items also include preserving water resources, recycling wastes and manufacturing fuel efficiency vehicles. The company invests in making socially responsible games which are ethical and does not harm stakeholders like society and customers(Khan, Muttakin and Siddiqui 2013). The areas of focus of the corporate social responsibility of Fortescue Metals Group encompass the following areas: Ethical conduct, taking bribes and corruption. Abolition of slavery and unethical suppliers. Human rights. Transparency in taxation and governance. Employee security, health and development. Engaging with stakeholders. Development of local community like development of the Aborigines. Preserving of natural resources like water reserves and combating climate changes. Help the biodiversity of Australia to flourish. Managing mining activities sustainably and environment friendly possible. Earning higher profits to sustain the CSR. A comparison between the CSR of the two companies reveal that the CSR of Fortescue is vast compared to the CSR of Aristocrat. It is due to the inherent nature of the mining industry which is prone to corruption, employee safety issues and slavery to a far greater extent than the gaming and hospitality sector (Hond et al. 2014). Execution of CSR: The execution of corporate social responsibility of Aristocrat involves the employees participating in fund raising activities for their localities. The Global Volunteer Week encourages the employees to demonstrate the sustainable skills like recycling of wastes and raise funds to support poor people (Bair and Palpacuer 2015). The executions of corporate social responsibility of Fortescue Metal Groups are more elaborate and expensive. The company collaborates with international bodies like United Nations to encourage restoration of biodiversity and natural resources (Alshareef and Sandhu 2015). SMART analysis: Specific: The CSR of Aristocrat is more specific due to its nature of business. The CSR of Fortescue Metals Group is vast and less specific because the company belongs to the mining industry which causes a lot of pollution. Measurable: The CSR of Aristicrat is more easily measurable owing to its smaller expanse compared to Fortescue. The CSR of the mining is vast and encompasses a lot of items hence, the measuring of its CSR require lot of documents like annual report, pollution report from factories and mines and so on. Achievable: The CSR of Aristocrat is achievable due to its smaller expanse which is mostly limited to ethical and socially beneficial gaming and gambling. The CSR of Fortescue Metal Group is vast and is not easily achievable. Timely: The CSR of Aristocrat is achievable within a shorter span of time compared to Fortescue. The CSR of Fortescue includes stakeholders and deals with a vast array of items like corruption, slavery and human rights. These items are extremely complicated and involve laws, society and several other stakeholders. Thus, achieving CSR of Fortescue is very time consuming and the company has to group these CSR areas into short, medium and long term to achieve them. Stakeholders mentioned in their corporate statements: The corporate statements of Aristocrat mention the names of stakeholders of two categories, namely internal and external. The internal stakeholders mentioned are directors, managing directors and senior executives (aristocrat.com. 2017). The reports also state the name of the external auditor, Price Waterhouse Coopers (PWC). Among the external stakeholders the reports reveal the names of the key stakeholders like government, apex bodies namley Australian Securities and Investments Commission and the Nevada Commission. The shareholders, customers and the community as a whole also find mention among the external stakeholders (Cascetta et al. 2015). A review of the corporate statements of Fortescue reveals that the number of stakeholders of the company is far greater than Aristocrat. Fortescue in its reports too mention the internal stakeholders and external stakeholders in greater detail. The internal stakeholders mentioned are chairman and other employees. The reports pay a lot of importance to its employees of various categories like women and Aborigines which reflect the companysdiversity management power. The external stakeholders mentioned are suppliers, customers and shareholders. Among the key stakeholders apex bodies like government, WA department of Mines, Joint Ores Reserve Committee, Audit andRisk Management Committee found mention in the reports. The audit of the company like Aristocrat is handled by PWC. However, international bodies like UNGC and Internatioanl Council On Mining and Metals find mention in the reports of Fortescue but not in the reports of Aristocrat. Both the companies mention stakeholders like com munity and customers. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Aristocrat and Fortescue have some common characteristics like aim to earn profits. However, they have different vision, mission and CSR owing the differences in sectors they belong to. The discussion shows that the area of business of Fortescue is far greater and varied compared to Aristocrat. References: Alshareef, M.N.Z. and Sandhu, K., 2015. 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